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Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid. When it reacts with an organic base it forms a hydrochloride salt.hydrochloric acid is a colourless inorganic chemical system with the formula HCL . Hydrochloric acid has a distinctive pungent smell . It is classified as strongly acidic and can attack the skin over a wide composition range , since the hydrogen chloride composition range , since the hydrogen chloride completely dissociates in an aqueous solution .
It was historically called acidum salis, muriatic acid, and spirits of salt because it was produced from rock salt and green vitriol (by Basilius Valentin’s in the 15th century) and later from the chemically similar common salt and sulfuric acid (by Johann Rudolph Glauber in the 17th century). Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius. Later, it was used by chemists such as Glauber, Priestley, and Davy in their scientific research.
With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including household cleaning, production of gelatin and other food additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced worldwide annually.
Hydrochloric acid was known to European alchemists as spirits of salt or acidum salis ( salt acid ) . Both names are still used , especially in other languages , such as German : Dutch , Polish : Gaseous HCL was called marine acid air .
Hydrochloric acid is the salt of the hydronium ion , H3O+ and chloride . It is usually prepared by treating HCL with water .
HCL + H2O -HO + CI-
However , the speciation of hydrochloric acid is more complicated than this simple equation implies . The structure of bulk water is infamously complex , and likewise , the formula HO+ is also a gross oversimplification , H+ , present in hydrochloric acid . A combined IR , Raman , X -ray and neutron diffraction study of concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid revealed that the primary form of H+ in these solution is H5O2+ , which along with the chloride anion , is hydrogen – bonded to neighboring water molecules in several different ways , ( In H5O2+ , the proton is sandwiched midway between two water molecules at 180 deg . ) . The author suggests that H3O+ may become more important in dilute HCL solutions .
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid , since it is completely dissociated in water . It can therefore be used to prepare salts containing the CI- anion called chlorides .
Hydrochloric acid is used in chemical analysis to prepare samples for analysis . Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves many metals and forms oxidized metal chlorides and hydrogen gas . It also reacts with besic compounds such as calcium carbonate or copper oxide , forming the dissolved chlorides that can be analyzed .
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes such as refining metal . The application often determines the required product quality .
Another major use hydrochloric acid is in the production of organic compounds , such as vinyl chloride and dichloroethane for PVC . This is often captive use , consuming locally produced hydrochloric acid that never actually reaches the open market . Other organic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include bisphenol , A for polycarbonate , activated carbon , and ascorbic acid , as well as numerous pharmaceutical products .
2H2C = CH2 + 4HCL + O2 – 2CICH2CH2CI + 2H2C
Signal Word Danger
Hazard Statements
H290 May be corrosive to metals.
H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
Precautionary Statements
P234 Keep only in original packaging.
P261 Avoid breathing mist or vapors.
P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P280 Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/ face
protection.
P303 + P361 + P353 IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated
clothing. Rinse skin with water.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue
rinsing.
Supplemental Hazard
Statements
none.
Other hazards
This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at
levels of 0.1% or higher.
Ecological information:
The substance/mixture does not contain components considered to have endocrine
disrupting properties according to REACH Article 57(f) or Commission Delegated regulation
(EU) 2017/2100 or Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605 at levels of 0.1% or higher.
Toxicological information:
The substance/mixture does not contain components considered to have endocrine
disrupting properties according to REACH Article 57(f) or Commission Delegated regulation
(EU) 2017/2100 or Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605 at levels of 0.1% or higher.
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
Unsuitable extinguishing media
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Hydrogen chloride gas
Hydrogen chloride gas
Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.
Advice for firefighters
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact by
keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.
Further information
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet. Prevent fire
extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
Body Protection
Acid-resistant protective clothing
Respiratory protection
required when vapours/aerosols are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following
standards: DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to
the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory
protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
These measures have to be properly documented.
Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.
SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical properties
a) Physical state liquid
b) Color light yellow
c) Odor pungent
d) Melting
point/freezing point
-30 °C
e) Initial boiling point
and boiling range
> 100 °C – lit.
f) Flammability (solid,
gas)
No data available.
Upper/lower
flammability or
explosive limits
No data available
h) Flash point Not applicable
i) Autoignition
temperature
Not applicable
j) Decomposition
temperature
No data available
k) pH < 1 at 20 °C
l) Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 2,3 mPa.s at 15 °C
m) Water solubility soluble
n) Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water
No data available
o) Vapor pressure 227 hPa at 21,1 °C
547 hPa at 37,7 °C
p) Density 1,2 g/cm3 at 25 °C – lit.
Relative density No data available
q) Relative vapor
density
No data available
r) Particle
characteristics
No data available
Reactivity
No data available
10.2 Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Possibility of hazardous reactions
No data available
Conditions to avoid
no information available
Incompatible materials
Bases, Amines, Alkali metals, Metals, permanganates, for example potassium
permanganate, Fluorine, metal acetylides, hexalithium disilicideMetals
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