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Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda (especially in North America and New Zealand) or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda (especially in North America and New Zealand) or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda (especially in North America and New Zealand) or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.
The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that there is twice as much carbonate (CO3) per sodium in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as there is in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The modern chemical formulas of these compounds express their precise chemical compositions (which were unknown when the names sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were coined) as sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). These names are unambiguous since sodium always has the +1 oxidation state and carbonate the −2 oxidation state.
In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid-base reaction can be generically represented as follows:
In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid-base reaction can be generically represented as follows:
When used this way on its own, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO2 is released (one CO2 molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO3). Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, “soapy” taste and a yellow color. Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven.
Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium.[14][15][16] Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate, or cream of tartar.[17] Baking soda is alkaline; the acid used in baking powder avoids a metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate.
Sodium bicarbonate can be an effective way of controlling fungal growth,[20] and in the United States is registered by the Environmental Protection Agency as a biopesticide.
Sodium bicarbonate can prevent the growth of fungi when applied on leaves, although it will not kill the fungus. Excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate can cause discolouration of fruits (two percent solution) and chlorosis (one percent solution) Sodium bicarbonate is also commonly used as a free choice dietary supplement in sheep to help prevent bloat.
Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide:
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)
A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte, dissolved in water and taken orally, is an effective gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc .
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood. In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–7.0).
HCO3− is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into cells during periods of acidosis. Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and a basic environment will diminish aspirin absorption in cases of overdose. Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose It can also be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling).
Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use.Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure “one of the more sickening alternative cancer scams I have seen for a long time”.
Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anaesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful .It is also a component of Moffett’s solution, used in nasal surger
It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones One systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such effect.Another also finds that there is no evidence that alkaline diets improve bone health, but suggests that there “may be some value” to alkaline diets for other reasons.
Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests.
Similarly to its use in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO3− + H+ → H2O + CO2↑ or, more precisely, HCO3− + H3O+ → 2 H2O + CO2↑). This makes the tablet disintegrate, leaving the medication suspended and/or dissolved in the water together with the resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate
Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties t works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorantSodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation
It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by adding a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution.
Veterinary uses
Fungicide and pest control
In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid-base reaction can be generically represented as follows:
Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common “black snake” firework. The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose.
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.[27] However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter.[27] Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive diammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides Purple-K, that was used in large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.
Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid used to relieve heartburn and acid indigestion. Your doctor also may prescribe sodium bicarbonate to make your blood or urine less acidic in certain conditions. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
While sodium bicarbonate is generally not considered to be amongst the most harmful of chemicals, exposure to large amounts may result in some adverse health effects, such as: Coughing and sneezing if a high concentration of dust has been inhaled. Gastrointestinal irritation can occur if large amounts have been …
Bottom Line: Intake of sodium bicarbonate is generally considered safe when taken in the recommended dosages. However, it may cause unpleasant side effects and is not recommended for everyone.
Sodium bicarbonate in baking soda neutralises the stomach acid and relieves the many symptoms of acid reflux and other stomach related issues. It is known to be a natural alkalising agent. This non-toxic substance is used to reduce the effect of acid and inflammation in the body and treat most ailments.
Baking soda is a good treatment for immediate relief from occasional acid reflux. The recommended dosage for adults is 1/2 teaspoon dissolved in a 4-ounce glass of water. It’s best to sip this drink slowly to avoid side effects like gas and diarrhea. You can repeat every two hours.
COMPOSITION / INFORMATION AND INGREDIENTS
Structural
Formula
Chemical Family
Molecular weight 84.05 g/mol
CAS No 144-55-8 Molecular Formula NaHCO3
Name Product identifier % Classification
Sodium
Bicarbonate 144-55-8 100% Eye Irrit. 2B, H320
4. FIRST AID MEASURE
Tata Chemicals Ltd. MSDS – SODIUM BICARBONATE
Updated as On : 21.06.2021 60 | P a g e
Ingestion • Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
• Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
• Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waist band.
• Get medical attention if symptoms appear
Inhalation • If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.
Eyes • Flush eyes with running water for 15 minutes, maintaining the eyelids wide
open to eliminate the product.
• Consult an ophthalmologist in case of persistent pain.
Skin • Wash with soap and water. Cold water may be used.
• Get medical attention if irritation develops.
Antidote
Most important
symptoms/ effects,
acute and or delayed
Eye Contact- Moderate irritation to eyes.
Inhalation- Slight irritating to nose.
Skin contact- Negligible effect.
Ingestion- Ingestion of large quantities may cause nausea and vomiting.
Indication of
immediate medical
attention and special
treatment needed
No additional information available
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
Fire extinguishing
media
• In case of fire in close proximity, all means of extinguishing are acceptable.
Hazardous
decomposition
products
No additional information available
Special fire fighting
procedure
• Use Protective Equipment as applicable to the combustion products
associated with the fire.
Precaution to Fire
Fighters
Non-flammable.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal precaution • Refer to Section 8 “Exposure Controls / Personal Protection”.
Precautions for the
environment
Prevent entry to sewers and public waters. Notify authorities if liquid enters
sewers or public waters.
Clean up method • Can be recovered and re-used if contamination does not present a problem.
• Vacuum or sweep up the material. If the spilled product is unusable due to
contamination, consult state or federal environmental agencies for acceptable
disposal procedures and locations.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
General
precaution
• Use air conveying/mechanical systems for bulk transfer to storage.
• For manual handling of bulk transfer use mechanical ventilation to remove airborne
dust from railcar, ship or truck.
• Use approved respiratory protection when ventilation systems are not available.
• Selection of respirators is based on the dust cloud generated.
Personal
protection
Wear personal protective equipment as Section-8
Storage • Protect from excessive heat and moisture. Store away from acids
Incompatibilities Strong oxidizers. Strong acids.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance White
Crystalline
Solid
Molecular
Weight
84.05 g/mol Specific
gravity
No data
available
Odour/Odor
threshold
Odorless Flash Point
oC
Not
Pertinent
pH/ Acidity 8.6 (5%
solution).
Auto Ignition
Temp. oC
No data
available
Boiling Point
oC @ 760 mm
Hg
Not available Melting
Point oC
270 °C
Vapor Press.
Mm Hg @ 20
oC
Not Applicable Vapour
Density
No data
available
Water
Solubility @
20 oC
88g / liter
water. @
20ºC (68ºF).
LEL % Not Applicable UEL % Not
Applicable
% Volatile
Evaporation
rate
Viscosity @
25 oC
PH
Octanol /
Water
Partition
Coefficient
No data
Available
No data
available
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Routes of
exposure
Ingestion, Eyes, Inhalation, Skin Absorption
LD50 (oral /
rats) mg/kg
4000
mg/kg
LD50 (dermal/
rats) mg/kg
LC50 (inhalation /
rats) – 4 hrs. mg/l
—–
Target Organ
Effects
Mainly Respiratory system
Symptoms related to physical, chemical &
toxicological characteristics
Based on available data, the classification criteria
are not met.
Causes eye irritation
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